BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Behaviour and Individual Differences Table of Contents Introduction 3 Values Driver Behaviour 4 Case Analysis 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Introduction ‘Change’ is the only thing constant thing in human life. The changing dynamics of life and lifestyle has considerably influenced the individual behaviour of the human beings. Also, with all round development of the society, special emphasis is put on the various aspects of human life to understand the nature and the reason of such changing behaviour. Among the changing behaviours of the humans, those in the workplace have undergone major shift. It has been rightly observed by Charles D. Kerns that it is the values that holds the supreme importance in directing one’s behaviour. He is of the view that the human values have major impact over the attitudes of the incumbent and the attitude in turn shapes the individual behaviour. And so, the fact that there are considerable differences in the individual behaviour in the workplaces resort to the differences in the values to which one had been accustomed to (Kerns, 2003). Values Driver Behaviour From the above discussion, the essence of one’s values in shaping the individual behaviour can be easily understood. We will write a custom essay sample on BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Antigone †The First Feminist Essay - 549 Words

Antigone – The First Feminist How old is feminism, and who was the first feminist? Although no one can say for sure the exact date on which the feminist movement started, most of it is attributed to the past two centuries. However, women who are feminists have been around much longer. In Sophocles’s Antigone, the main character (Antigone) acts as a protofeminist by defying the authority of a patriarchal society and taking action according to what she believes is right in her heart. She even shows some characteristics of a modern feminist. Feminists today are viewed as raging, man-hating bitches, but feminism in its true sense simply advocates women’s rights. While there are extremes on either side of the scale, most feminists fight†¦show more content†¦Ismene (Antigone’s sister) points out to Antigone, â€Å"Remember we are women, we’re not born to contend with men,† (Sophocles p.646). This strict patriarchy is symbolized by King Creon, who makes a decree that is opposition with the gods and forbids the proper burial of Polynices (Antigone’s brother). Antigone, however, decides she would rather please the gods than man and buries her brother against King Creon’s orders. She is fully aware of the consequences should she get caught, yet she openly disobeys, even against her sister’s warnings. She gives Creon no additional respect either as a male in a patriarchal society or as a king and ultimate authority figure. In fact, she calls him a fool! Antigone boldly states to Creon himself, â€Å"If my present actions strike you as foolish, let’s just say I’ve been accused of folly by a fool,† (Sophocles p.657). The strong will and defiance she exhibits are very characteristic of modern feminism. An essential characteristic of feminists, especially if they are to change the status quo, is the need for widespread popular support. Antigone shows a feminist mentality in her search for popularity among others. She first asks that her crime be made public because she knows that if the public is unaware of it, she cannot gather their sympathies or support. Additionally, she tries to win approval from Creon. Antigone claims, â€Å"These citizens here would all agree, they’d praiseShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Movement In SophoclesAntigone1340 Words   |  6 Pagesneglected Sophoclean play of Antigone has been relaunched into contemporary critical discussion, this is largely through the emergence of the feminism movement and the critical theory resulting from it in the late 19th and early 20th century. The feminist movement is defined as â€Å"The advocacy of womens rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes.† Feminist centred reception of the text has often la belled Antigone as a feminist icon, the use of the word feminist is ambiguous. This I becauseRead More Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle – Antigone, as a Feminist Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ Oedipus Cycle – Antigone, as a Feminist Throughout history, women have always stood in the shadows of men. In many cultures, the role of women has always been to be seen and not heard. As one of the first feminists in world literature, the character Antigone, of Sophocles’ Oedipus Cycle, displays fine characteristics of a great female leader in order to stand up against male dominance for her religious, political, and personal beliefs. When the king denies her brother, Polynices,Read MoreAncient Greek Feminism In Antigone, By Sophocles790 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Greek Feminism Antigone has been used as a symbol and idol of the feminist movement, and for good reason: both the play and the character Antigone showcase strong feminist themes and characteristics, despite being created more than two thousand years before feminism became mainstream. The play /Antigone/ by Sophocles serves as a commentary on female power and how men see that power as a threat to their own. The character Antigone displays many feminist characteristics, such as inner strengthRead MoreAntigone and Girl Power1064 Words   |  5 Pagesraises consideration to civil freedoms of women across the globe. Feminists generally seek to bring about change by fighting for what they believe in, and are often considered to have personal strength and integrity. In the play Antigone written by the Greek playwright Sophocles, the main character Antigone is a symbol of feminism revolt. She is nowhere near as radical as other the feminist characters of her time, however, Antigone does puts her life on expense, trying to stand up to the patriarchalRead MoreWomen Within The Grecian Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pagespassive sex, confined to housework and almost never educated. It is interesting therefore that the characters that have emerged at the exposure of the phallic philosophical pen still remain as an ally to the feminist movement and are relevant to our way of thinking today, acting as feminist pioneers both in theory and literature, helping the canon evolve years after being written. At a time where scientific understanding and technological advancement was limited women often appeared in the role ofRead MoreEssay Antigone879 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone2 Antigone herself represents the highest ideals of human life -- courage and respect for the gods. In the mythical story Antigone, Antigone first demonstrates feminist logic when she chooses to challenge a powerful male establishment. This establishment is personified by her uncle Creon, who is newly crowned as the King of Thebes, and it is usually challenged by whole city-state. She believed that the law of the gods (to give proper burial rights to every dead body) was moreRead MoreFeminism : A Multi Disciplinary Approach For Sexual Characteristics And Sex Parity Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, scholars and feminists have categorized the history of this particular approach into three main waves. The initial wave is that of women’s suffrage movements witnessed in the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth Centuries. The second wave is the actions and notions linked with women’s freedom movement of the 1960s, while the third wave is the continu ation of and response to the apparent disappointments of the second wave, beginning in the 1990s. There are a few feminist scholars who areRead MoreAntigone, By Sophocles, The King And Oedipus1465 Words   |  6 PagesKing, Oedipus of Colonus and Antigone. Oedipus the King and Oedipus of Colonus were written in a very male-focused manner. Throughout these plays, Sophocles’ main characters and main plots are written around Oedipus, Creon, Polynices, Tiresias, Theseus and very few spotlight is given to the female figures such as Jocasta, Antigone, Ismene, and Euridice. After Oedipus the King and Oedipus Colonus, Antigone comes into play in a protagonist role. Sophocles’ play, Antigone, represents a never before seenRead MoreSophocles As A Master Of Character Development1497 Words   |  6 Pageswhich they were performed into three tragedies known as the â€Å"Oedipus the King†. Although he has written 123 plays there are only seven of his tragedies remaining and with only a few titles and fragments remaining. The seven tragedies include Ajax, Antigone, Trachi nian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus, and Trackers. Sophocles was considered to be a master of character development and made several major and minor dramatic innovations to his plays. Sophocles was bornRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles Play Antigone 1308 Words   |  6 Pagesto the husband. Sophocles play Antigone shows us the three different types of women: Antigone, the protagonist that is highly determined; Ismene, the fragile sister of Antigone; and Eurydice, the wife of Creon. Each of these characters lifestyles,personalities, and choices directly affects the character s mortality. The women characters in Antigone show great difference of the most important two stages of life, life and death. One of the conflicts in Antigone, is the struggle between the two

Thesis Critique for Business and Management- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThesis Critique for Business and Management. Answer: Introduction Employee ownership: Evaluating the Factors Contributing to Successful Employee Engagement by Heather Jayne Rowley deals with the factors which contribute to successful employee engagement. The study explores the engagement of employees in the employee owned organizations. In addition to this, it includes the factors which contribute to the successful engagement of the employees. The study considers the role of employees in facilitating the engagement of the employees in employee owned organizations. This study adopts a qualitative approach of research, where three employees owned organizations are used as the basic sample for the collection of data. Moreover, the practices of the employees, obstacles to the engagement and the required solutions are clearly mentioned. The study also includes how the engagement of employees sustains and supports ownership of any organization. Several concepts are applied from engagement of the employees to employee ownerships, in order to explain the situation and existence of the employee engagement in the employee owned companies. Purpose and Objectives of the Study The purpose of the study is clearly identified and discussed in the dissertation. Moreover, semi structured interviews, reflective research and focus groups are used for capturing the experiences ranges as well as perceptions. The data is presented after complete analysis in the narrative format and the identification of key themes is done using the thematic analysis. The study explains that the engagement of the employees helps in enhancing the experience of the ownership of employees. Furthermore, it also presents the idea of the employee engagement being influenced by the employee ownership. Evidences are presented from authentic sources which further claims that the employee ownership is highly influenced by employee engagement. Therefore, it can be said that the factors are clearly identified and discussed in the study (Rowley, 2014). Theoretical Framework The research design is appropriate as it is aimed to explore the employee ownership and the factors which contribute to successful employee engagement. The gathering of data and information is done in a good manner. The interviews and survey helped gain useful insights, thus, the qualitative method proved to be beneficial for the research. However, the sample was not much large, but the information was authentic. In this research, the variety of definitions of employee engagement helped in discussing the factors associated with it. The results of the study are desirable which suggests that employee engagement helps in influencing employee ownership. It also differentiates other existing factors like job satisfaction, organizational and employee behavior as well as attitude. The research throws light on how employee ownership is different from other factors as the employee willingness helps them discuss the improvements in work around them. The data collection methods included; literature review of available sample over the internet, journals, thesis analysis, and survey conducted among employees and others, interviews of three employee owned organizations, questionnaires and observations, case studies of available data and information, governmental documents and archival data and lastly the focus groups. The procedures of collecting the data was identifying the issues, setting a goal, planning a method or an approach, collection of relevant data, analysis of surveys and interviews, interpretation of the data and pre existing or official data. On analyzing the data, descriptive methods are used for the whole study. Appropriate articles are selected to present the data on the basis of measurement level of variable. Analysis of the surveys and interview is done in an unbiased manner, without hiding or concealing any facts. Lastly, all data are summarized by using the descriptive method. Situating the Study within the research The relationship between the employee engagement and employee ownership is proposed and directed to this research study, which is identified. It is understood, from the literatures used, that the employee engagement provides direction for the involvement as well as participation. The data collected from various sources helped in gathering information regarding a balanced as well as effective employee ownership and engagement. The good points in the dissertation are conducting interviews and surveys helped in gaining useful insights, which established the whole report. However, several challenges were faced during the completion of the project. In addition to this, some of the challenges, which the study may encounter, are discussed in this part of the report. Such limitations could have been unused through the representation of perceptions as well as experiences of the respondents in a narrative manner. Gaps in the literature review have been identified as the engagement of the employees is left unexplored in the fields of some employee owned companies. Furthermore, the lack of studies and literature evidence being provided, led to the consideration of the alternative perspectives of how the engagement of the employees may strengthen the employee ownership. The research questions development has been designed in order to explore the engagement of the employees from different angles and the role of employees in ownership. However, there are certain limitations in the research. The findings of the study represents three employee owned companies. The sample size is small due to limited span of time. However, more interviews and surveys could have given variety of answers. Each research type has its own specific implications. Research Approach The research design is relatable to the research hypothesis and questions. The questions were, however, studied and in depth analysis is done with the usage of specific data analysis methods. The questions received satisfactory answers and the procedure was appropriate. The questionnaire is used to analyze the whole research. Qualitative research method also proved to be beneficial for the study. Furthermore, the research design was interesting and the sample was targeted to the employees as well as organizations. The concept of the research is clearly presented. The topic is introduced, along with the definition the key terms. For supporting the research and establishing the points, survey and interview methods are applied, in order to hold the points appropriately and clearly. It proved the influence of employee engagement in employee owned organizations. Moreover, pre existing journals and theses are reviewed and presented well in the report. The research topics nature generates some inductive research style. The literature review presents different kinds of interpretations of the employee engagement. The study focuses on the experiences of the employees and the occurrences. Employee ownership and employee engagement is understood as an individual concept. However, there are weak theoretical evidences for explaining or demonstrating the relationship between both two concepts. Inductive approach of the research is taken in order to generate a new theory, which will enable in getting a clear idea of relationship between the employee ownership and employee engagement. The existing theories are used to provide the research with a starting point. The knowledge base is being developed through this and the inductive procedure totally reflects upon the information and data created in order to find the evidences, to support the theory. Research Methodology The results of the study are desirable and the methodology is clear and fully reported. Moreover, the data collection methods included; literature review of available sample over the internet, journals, thesis analysis, and survey conducted among employees, interviews of the organizations as well as employees, questionnaires and observations, case studies of available data and information, governmental documents and archival data and lastly the focus groups. The procedures of collecting the data was identifying the issues, setting a goal, planning a method or an approach, collection of relevant data, analysis of surveys and interviews, interpretation of the data and pre existing or official data. On analyzing the data, descriptive methods are used for the whole study. Appropriate articles are selected to present the data on the basis of measurement level of variable. Analysis of the surveys and interview is done in an unbiased manner, without hiding or concealing any facts. Lastly, all data are summarized by using the descriptive method. The research design is appropriately aimed to explore the employee engagement and employee owned organizations. The gathering of data and information is done in a good manner. The interviews and survey helped gain useful insights, thus, the qualitative method proved to be beneficial for the research. However, the sample was not much large, but the information was authentic. In the literature review, several gaps have been identified as the engagement of the employees is left unexplored in the fields of some employee owned companies. In addition to this, the lack of studies and literature evidence being provided, led to the consideration of the alternative perspectives of how the engagement of the employees may strengthen the employee ownership. Presentation and analysis of the results Qualitative research method is used for the study and the data tools are mainly reviews of available sample over the internet, journals, thesis analysis, and survey conducted among educators as well as parents, literature reviews, interviews questionnaires and observations, case studies of available data and information, governmental documents and archival data and lastly the focus groups. The procedures of collecting the data was identifying the issues, setting a goal, planning a method or an approach, collection of relevant data, analysis of surveys and interviews, interpretation of the data and pre existing or official data. On analyzing the data, descriptive methods are used for the whole study. Appropriate articles are selected to present the data on the basis of measurement level of variable. Analysis of the surveys and interview is done in an unbiased manner, without hiding or any facts. Lastly, all data are summarized by using the descriptive method. Conclusion To conclude, the research study presented the occurrence of the employee engagement in employee owned companies or organizations. The findings are summarized using the descriptive method. However, further research can be carried out using this sample. The research study has certain limitations as the time was limited. However, the research study helped in exploring the relationship between the employee engagement and employee ownership successfully. It can provide a strong foundation for the future researchers who will work on this topic. References Rowley, H. (2014).Employee Ownership: Evaluating the Factors Contributing to Successful Employee Engagement(Doctoral dissertation, University of York). Bibliography Bloomberg, L. D., Volpe, M. (2012).Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end. Sage Publications. Herr, K., Anderson, G. L. (2014).The action research dissertation: A guide for students and faculty. Sage publications. Horn, R. (2012).Researching and writing dissertations: A complete guide for business and management students. Kogan Page Publishers. Joyner, R. L., Rouse, W. A., Glatthorn, A. A. (2012).Writing the winning thesis or dissertation: A step-by-step guide. Corwin Press. Liu, Q., Brown, D. (2015). Methodological synthesis of research on the effectiveness of corrective feedback in L2 writing.Journal of Second Language Writing,30, 66-81. Rudestam, K. E., Newton, R. R. (2014).Surviving your dissertation: A comprehensive guide to content and process. Sage Publications. Wester, K. L., Borders, L. D., Boul, S., Horton, E. (2013). Research quality: Critique of quantitative articles in the Journal of Counseling Development.Journal of Counseling Development,91(3), 280-290.

The Mobile Phone as an Electronic Wallet

Introduction The initial attempts to make the mobile phone an electronic wallet can be traced to the efforts by Nokia around 1997 (Leavitt 2010). In that year the Company (Nokia) made attempts to allow people purchase soft drinks from vending machines through the use of Short Messaging Services (SMS). Soon after that initial effort another Finnish company, Merita Bank, offloaded the first mobile banking system based on SMS (Leavitt 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Mobile Phone as an Electronic Wallet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A mobile payment system is one that facilitates transfer of funds securely for purchase of goods through a mobile phone based application (Quigley 2008).However, mobile payment systems did not make the expected impact owing to the fact that the use of wireless devices was still not widespread and the GUI’s for most of these initial devices were poorly designed (Leavi tt 2010). Technological advancement has seen the production of smart phones with many capabilities and significant changes in the capacity and bandwidth on the cellular networks around the world. Further dissatisfaction associated with credit card fees has worked to further increase the propensity towards mobile payment options. Currently through the use of smart phones there are applications to make purchases such as music and videos possible online. It is in light of this that an innovation such as a comprehensive mobile payment system may go a long way in reducing the complexities associated with transfer of cash in Abu Dhabi. Such a system could be useful in activities such as the collection of charitable donations, purchase of air time, utility bill payment and mobile banking. In this project the objective is the creation of a mobile payment system for use in Abu Dhabi. The proposed system could be used to pay for services such as taxi fare, make purchases and pay utility bills . The system could be especially useful for visitors as the region is typically inhabited by an Arab speaking population (Middle East Hub). Factors in Favor of the Innovation Prior to making a decision on the innovation it was essential to establish the viability of the project. In this regard it was noted that the revenue fro telecommunications in UAE rose from $ 2.7 to $3.1 million between 2000 and 2004 (Shirazi Rogers 2008). This data suggests that there has been an increase in the usage of telecommunication in the period and it is likely that the increase is bound to be sustained over time with the emergence of new technology in cellular networks. In addition to that it was observed that the number that the number of mobile phone subscribers rose from below 10 per 100 people to almost 80 per 100 people over the duration between 1995 and 2003 (See fig 1). Based on this it is possible to conclude that the penetration of mobile phones within the Abu Dhabi area is very widespread g iven that it is the largest of the emirates.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another factor that may favor the innovation of a mobile phone passed payment application in Abu Dhabi is based on the fact the region has a high number of immigrant workers. According to Kapeszweski, the Gulf region is among the largest job markets for Asian and Arab job seekers (2006). In light of this the UAE has a population of foreigners that constitutes almost 80% of the overall population (Kapeszweski 2006). Due to this fact there is a very large percentage of the population that may not be very fluent in Arabic, the local language. This portion of the population could greatly benefit from such an innovation which will significantly reduce the hassles involved with payment of services. Due to the above contributing factors it would appear that such an innovation may be successful in the regi on. This is based on the high penetration and large population that may benefit from such an innovation. Potential Benefits The use of a mobile phone to make payments can allow the user several potential advantages. For example, the mobile device can be linked to a credit or debit card thus granting the user access to essential services even in the absence of credit card verification machines (Leavitt 2010). This access to services when needed is very beneficial for users and has been reported to create much additional revenue for merchants whose markets are expanded to include areas prior to inaccessible. In addition to that these payments options allow the users to take maximum advantage of social networking forums (Leavitt 2010). Social networks are already being widely used and these options can provide an avenue to maximize on the opportunities available in the forums. It is hoped that through the creation of a similar system the residents of Abu Dhabi can benefit from the incr eased efficiency it will ensure. Cases Studies in Mobile Payment Systems Among the examples of successful mobile payment schemes in other parts of the world is the system known as BOKU. This company was launched in 2009 and has grown through the acquisition of mobile vendors, namely, Mobilcash and Paymo (Leavitt 2010). The BOKU system relies on its relationships with several mobile carriers around the world to serve both merchants ad publishers in 65 countries around the world (Leavitt 2010). The company mainly performs transactions and offers assistance for purchasing gaming products and other virtual goods. The product does not focus on money transfer. The system basically asks a user to authenticate a transaction whenever they intend to make a purchase. After calculation of the purchase totals the system will then reflect the same on the users wireless phone bill (Leavitt 2010). Another novel approach in the mobile payment systems market is known as Obopay. According to the compa ny vice president, this service is suitable for funds transfer between people, payment for goods or services, purchase of mobile phone air time and making charitable donations (Leavitt 2010). However the service is not offered directly but through partners such as financial institutions, mobile carriers, merchants and other non profit organizations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Mobile Phone as an Electronic Wallet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The system allows users to effect payment by sending an SMS to the company. Thorough the Obopay payment mechanism a consumer can access money for expenditure that is locked in a credit/debit card, bank account or even use the prepaid deposit (Leavitt 2010). After making an entry on details of the purchase the user selects the source from which they want to make the payment (Leavitt 2010). The payment process is secured through use of an authenticated phone and a user PIN to prevent fraud and other risks. The last mobile payment system that was explored in considering this project is known as Zong. This company was established in the year 2000 and has established a network of various mobile carriers which it can rely on to charge the user. The company has managed to build an impressive following and boasts almost 3.5 million registered users serving almost 220 carriers in 50 countries across the globe (Leavitt 2010). The company liaises with major digital goods company’s such as Facebook and is reported to be the mobile payment provider for Facebook credits (Leavitt 2010). They also provide virtual currency that can be used for games and other purposes. Payments are made on merchant websites and require the user to enter their phone numbers and a PIN for the transaction. The funds are then deducted through the user mobile carrier. New Approaches in Mobile Payment Systems In recent times the development of various apps that are used o n smart phones to facilitate making payments. Some established online payment companies such as Papal are in the process of developing apps that can use the smart phone technology such as blue tooth to allow for funds transfer between phones (Leavitt 2010). Another smart innovation worth consideration is the mobile application that allows transfer of a check to a Papal account by taking a picture of the check for submission in place of the check. These applications have been able to take and advantage of the fact that Papal stores both credit and debit card information securely on their servers thus reducing the complexity of creating such an application (Leavitt 2010). However, among the more notable and potentially beneficial current trends is the use of near field communication technology in mobile payment systems. This technology allows the mobile phone to be fitted with a device that allows it to be identified within a specified proximity (Ondrus Pigneur 2007). In fact in some countries such as Japan and Korea mobile phones are already being mass produced with Radio Frequency Identification (Ondrus Pigneur 2007). With this technological attachment in place the mobile phone can act as a contact less card and be used for financial transactions (Quigley 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The NFC device embedded in the mobile phone despite having a shorter range can allow the phone to perform a large variety of functions. Fr example with such technology it is possible to create a smart poster with an embedded RFID tag. Upon waving the device close to the poster the phone can get more information about the poster. Such applications have been found effective in ticketing and purchase of promotion products (Ondrus Pigneur 2007). This technology offers much promise and may be considered as the option of choice for the proposed mobile payment system for Abu Dhabi. Potential Success Factors Mobile payment options have of recent began to gain acceptance across the world due to a variety of factors. First of all the success and interest in the options is due to the compatibility with the lifestyles of a large percentage of the population (Mallat 2007). In a study that observed the mobile phone use patterns across a cross section of user it was noted that among teens, studen ts, young adults, parents and middle aged adults, all groups were conversant with use of the device and had used the device for mobile payment (Mallat 2007). In addition to this some users suggested that such options seriously favored them as they reduced the hassle associated with queues at various POS. In addition to this convenience there is the fact that mobile devices are carried by almost all people almost all the time. This provides the user with the advantage of combining various functions in a single device. Most of the users of these facilities have suggested that the main advantage with the mobile payment options is the simplicity of the SMS options (Mallat 2007). As the users have already become accustomed to the use of the mobile phone the SMS based procedure to carry out the transaction is especially well suited and easy to use (Mallat 2007). The above points are among the factors that provide this proposal with motivation and suggest it will be successful if implement ed. In addition to these it should be kept in mind that mobile phone penetration is quite high in Abu Dhabi and thus it should be successful. References Kapiszewski, A. (2006). Arab Versus Asian Migrant workers in the GCC countries. United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in the Arab Region, 02, 1-21. Leavitt, N. (2010). Payments Applications Make E-Commerce Mobile. Technology News, 19-22. Mallat, N. (2007). Exploring Consumer Adoption of Mobile Payment Systems: A Qualitative Study. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 1-14. Middle East Hub. (n.d.). Transportation in Abu Dhabi. Web. Ondrus, J., Pigneur, Y. (2007). An Assessment of NFC for Future Mobile Payment Systems. Management of Mobile Technology, 1-7. Quigley, M. (2008). Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Shirazi, F., Rogers, T. (2008). The Contribution of ICT to Freedom and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis of Archival Da ta on the Middle East. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 35(6), 1-24. Appendix Figure 1: Mobile Subscribers in Middle East 1995 – 2003 (Shirazi Rogers 2008) This report on The Mobile Phone as an Electronic Wallet was written and submitted by user Jaxon E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on My Byzantine Mosaic

Make Your Own Byzantine Mosaic There are a lot of forms of art in the world, and art can just be just about anything depending on the viewer. Art can be from a painting of the Mona Lisa to a pile of sticks, depending on how you look at it. In just a few steps and procedures you will have your very own Byzantine Mosaic. So get ready to make some art. For this art project you will need the following supplies. All the supplies needed you’re your project you can get at your local supermarket or Wal-Mart. First you will need some illustration board, or card board to put your painting on and a picture you will like to see as a masterpiece.. The Illustration board must be ten inches by eight inches, or however big you want to do your painting. Next you will need from one dozen to two dozen empty egg shells depending on your painting. You will need a variety of paints to color your mosaic. About ten different colors will be sufficient, each bottle being about two ounces. You won t need that much paint. Then you will need some brushes you can color the egg shells. You might want to get some small brushes just enough so you can color an egg. You will need a pencil so you can draw your picture. Then you will need Elmer’s glue, tweezers, an empty ice tray or empty egg carton, and some enamel spray to seal up your ma sterpiece. The first step to making this wonderful masterpiece is to draw or trace your picture onto the illustration board. Make sure you draw the picture nice and dark so that you can see it very well. Next get your egg shells and paint them the colors of your picture making sure to use every color that is in your picture. Paint the entire egg so that there is no white part of the egg showing. Then you will have to wait about ten to thirty minutes for the paint on the egg to dry depending on the kind of paint you used. After the eggs are dry comes the fun part. Get the eggs and put them in the egg carton or... Free Essays on My Byzantine Mosaic Free Essays on My Byzantine Mosaic Make Your Own Byzantine Mosaic There are a lot of forms of art in the world, and art can just be just about anything depending on the viewer. Art can be from a painting of the Mona Lisa to a pile of sticks, depending on how you look at it. In just a few steps and procedures you will have your very own Byzantine Mosaic. So get ready to make some art. For this art project you will need the following supplies. All the supplies needed you’re your project you can get at your local supermarket or Wal-Mart. First you will need some illustration board, or card board to put your painting on and a picture you will like to see as a masterpiece.. The Illustration board must be ten inches by eight inches, or however big you want to do your painting. Next you will need from one dozen to two dozen empty egg shells depending on your painting. You will need a variety of paints to color your mosaic. About ten different colors will be sufficient, each bottle being about two ounces. You won t need that much paint. Then you will need some brushes you can color the egg shells. You might want to get some small brushes just enough so you can color an egg. You will need a pencil so you can draw your picture. Then you will need Elmer’s glue, tweezers, an empty ice tray or empty egg carton, and some enamel spray to seal up your ma sterpiece. The first step to making this wonderful masterpiece is to draw or trace your picture onto the illustration board. Make sure you draw the picture nice and dark so that you can see it very well. Next get your egg shells and paint them the colors of your picture making sure to use every color that is in your picture. Paint the entire egg so that there is no white part of the egg showing. Then you will have to wait about ten to thirty minutes for the paint on the egg to dry depending on the kind of paint you used. After the eggs are dry comes the fun part. Get the eggs and put them in the egg carton or...

The Life of Alexander Pushkin essays

The Life of Alexander Pushkin essays Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian 19th century who has often been considered his countrys greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Alexander Pushkin blended Old Slavonic with vernacular Russian into a rich, melodic language. He was the first to use everyday speech in his poetry (Lakhostskii 50). Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow on May 26,1799 into a cultured but poor aristocratic family (Lakhostskii 25). On his fathers side he was a descendant of an ancient noble family and on his mothers side he was a great-great grandson of a black Abyssinian, Gannibal, who served under Peter the Great. Pushkin took great pride in his black ancestry and noble heritage. Throughout his childhood the future poet was entrusted to nursemaids, French tutors and governesses. He learned Russian from household serfs and from his nanny, Arina Rodionovna (Lavrin 61). Pushkin started to write poems from an early age. His first published poem was written when he was only 14. In 1811 he was selected to be among the thirty students in the first class at the Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo. He attended the Lyceum from 1811 to 1817 and received the best education available to Russia at the time. He soon not only became the unofficial laureate of the Lyceum, but also found a wider audience and recognition. He was first published in the journal The Messenger of Europe in 1814 when he was 14. In 1815 his poem Recollections in Tsarskoe Selo met the approval of Derzhavin, a great eighteenth- century poet, at a public examination in the Lyceum. While attending the Imperial Lyceum he began writing his first major work, Ruslan and Ludmila (1820), a kind of fairy story in verse. It was based on Russian folk-tales, which his grandmother had told him-in French (Mirsky 101). After graduating from the Lyceum, he was given a sinecure in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg (Mirsky110). The ...

Prevalence of HIV in United States Research Paper

Prevalence of HIV in United States - Research Paper Example I was curious about this issue because U.S is one of the most developed countries that I know about. I wanted to find out if the rate of HIV infections in the U.S are rising or declining. Every day I come across so many brochures on HIV and this creates some interest in me to find out the rates of HIV infection and if they are rising or declining. Since the epidemic was discovered, so many people have died in the entire world. With the discovery of ARVs, that can help the affected individuals in surviving for long, the rates of death have drastically reduced in most countries. I was curious to find out if the same case applies to the United States and by what percentage the decline has taken place. I was curious to find out the methods that the United States uses to prevent the spread and infections of HIV. The U.S is known to have all types of people inclusive of the bisexual and homosexuals. HIV prevalence is known to be higher amongst the gay and lesbian groups and thus I am curious to know if these groups are adversely affected by the spread of HIV. I was curious to see the data on HIV prevalence in the U.s and compare it to data from other places in the world. I already know that U.S has taken several steps in mitigating the spread of HIV. There are different organizations that have come in fighting against spread of HIV. I would like to find out how effective the steps that have been taken have been.

Summary of the signs of shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of the signs of shopping - Essay Example In addition, Morton expresses how shopping involves the procurement of stuff such as household equipments and apparels. Often, many people will bargain, convincing the mall owners that they are their daily customers. This opens up the ability of promotions and subversion to both the customer and the owner. If the customer does not like how he or she is being treated, they have a right to complain to the owner for change of behavior by, for example, workers. The owner therefore has to apologize to the customer and promise dual change of treatment and behavior because he or she does not want to lose customers thus going down of the business. Shopping is irresistible for a wide majority of the populace in the contemporary society. Some cannot live without shopping in their daily lives especially women and their daughters, that is like their daily routine but communication has made work easier now days. No walking long distances to the shopping malls, time is being saved too if one has a busy and tight schedule. Phone calls are made to the shopping stores to order for shopping or mails to be sent to websites and customers can shop

How Social Networking Has Affected the Way We Work Essay Example for Free

How Social Networking Has Affected the Way We Work Essay Social networks are a fun way to communicate, interact with friends, and enjoy online schooling, but are also harmful due to the harassment of cyber bullies and predators. Social networks/medias show their good side when we are all having fun on them, communicating with our friends. It is a fun and interactive way to converse, and meet new people; it gives people opportunities to learn characteristics that they have in common with each other, and make stronger relationships. Some people use Facebook, Twitter, and even Myspace to communicate with their friends; usually it is to make them aware of what you’re doing, going to do, or already have done, and meet new people, all through a fun, inventive way. Cyber Predators find their victims through internet sources, which is often social media, to learn personal information, harass, and stalk their victims; in most cases causing physical, emotional, and/or mental harm to the victim. Cyber School is an effective way to receive an education over the internet and helps to balance a home, school, and work life; getting an education that is flexible to any schedule is a positive development. Social media is a fun and interactive way to converse with friends and meet new people; it gives people opportunities to learn about things that they have in common; and make a stronger relationship. Cyber Bullies and Predators usually affect the lives of teenagers and children because of their vulnerability; â€Å"75% of children are willing to share personal information online about themselves and their families in exchange for goods and services;† A Cyber Bully is someone who uses the internet to torment another person using cruel words and hateful sayings to purposefully discourage them; a Cyber Predator is usually an adult internet abuser that exploits children or teenagers because of their lack of wisdom and their large amount of vulnerability. Others might think that social networking isn’t helpful at all, that there is no use of it, and that it needs to be used less because of the lack of exercise children receive and connection it has to the increasing obesity growth rate or that it has only negative effects on its user’s safety. Social networking has changed how people live, work, and communicate by offering helpful schooling online, fun communication between others, but it also gives bullies and predators another method of victimizing others. Social media, though it may be a fun way to interact with others, can be harmful when it comes to your safety; many people don’t realize that putting much of their information on the internet can invite unwanted problems to your life.Andrew Ferguson, author of the web article, â€Å"R U Tweeting 2 Much?† published by Gale Opposing View Points In Context, in 2011, implies, people spend too much of their time on twitter and they tweet about any and everything based on impulse. Social media can be a powerful tool for social change and an alternative to more traditional methods of communication. â€Å"Consequences from over-sharing personal information include vulnerability to sexual or financial predators and lost job opportunities from employers finding embarrassing photos or comments.† No one would want their boss to see a picture on Facebook of their new employee getting drunk, so why would they put it up for the entire world to see? There is a saying that goes â€Å"If you wouldn’t want your pastor at church, your parents, or your boss to know/see, then don’t do it.† Socialnetworking.procon.org, updated in 2012, clarifies that, â€Å"43% of online sexual solicitors were identified as being adolescents (under 18), 30% were adults between the ages of 18 and 21, and 9% were adults over the age of 21 (as of Dec. 31, 2008).† Predators can be any age; so if someone gets a friend request from a random person that they’ve never met before, but is the same age as them, they will probably accept the request; they think that because we are the same age, that the person must want to get to know me. Most people don’t worry about the harm that an unknown Facebook friend, or Twitter follower is capable of; they mostly think â€Å"Yay! A new follower/friend! I’m so popular!† Well, yeah, maybe they’re popular in the mind of a predator, but people should still watch out for situations like that because you never know when your life is at risk. Cyber bullying is a form of harassment via social networks; it causes its victims – mainly teenagers between the ages of fourteen and seventeen – to become emotionally and mentally scarred by its use. The web article â€Å"Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?† updated in September, 2012, urge, social networking sites make cyber bullying a form of bullying that occurs online easier and more public than bullying through other online activities such as email and instant messaging. Cyber bullying can be classified as just commenting on someone’s picture on Facebook, saying that their hair is really messed up. But other form’s of cyber bullying can be calling someone out in a status, calling them ugly, or fat, or any hurtful word. It can differ, but all forms of it can be hurtful and send anyone of the edge. The web article â€Å"Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?† updated in September, 2012, â€Å"A 2009 study found that 17.3% of middle school students have been victims of cyber bullying; victims often experience a drop in grades, decreased self-esteem, and other symptoms of depression.† Well, kids would drop their self esteem because their self esteem is built by their surrounding peers; and if their peers are nothing but a bunch of bullies then it causes a decrease. The web article â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistics†, published in early 2012, realizes, around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullying. Many teenagers and children do not care for people who are outside of their groups of friends, so they feel that if they are different than them in any way, or they do things that they don’t do, then they are weird and they don’t like them, so they bully them for being different. Socialnetworks.procon.org, suggests, Social networking sites make cyber bullying, a type of bullying that occurs online, easier and more public than bullying through other online activities such as email and instant messaging†. It’s easy for a child or a teenager to bully their peers, because kids just don’t care how they make each other feel; they don’t care about anyone but themselves in many situations. It’s also easy for a kid to call someone a mean name, but even easier to call them a mean name through a computer monitor; probably so they don’t have to deal with a conflict between the victims in person. Cyber predators find their victims through internet sources; which is often social media to learn personal information, harass, and stalk their victims in most cases causing physical, emotional and/or mental harm to them. Michelle Dean, author of the web article â€Å"Amanda Todd: Cyber Bullied,† published in October 2012, comments, â€Å"The systematic way the harasser allegedly followed Todd to new schools, repeatedly posting the images and threatening to do it again, makes it textbook harassment regardless of the medium.† Some Cyber predators will stop at nothing to get what they want from their victim, no matter how far off the edge it will make the victim go; of course predators only think of themselves when it comes to their own wants. The web article â€Å"Killer Created Facebook Profile to Lure Girl to Bushland,† published by Gale Opposing View Points in Context, in 2012, explains, A man [that stalks] a girl on Facebook, learns all about her life and interests to plot how he would murder her. A man kills a woman by making a fake Facebook profile and telling her that he is a part of an animal association, drawing her into his lies by knowing all of her interests because of shared online information. Cyber predators use the internet as their source to figure out any and everything that is in association with their victim’s life. They are a regular predator, searching the internet for, usually young, victims. Victims are younger because they are the ones that don’t really pay any attention to who they do and don’t talk to through the internet, and are the most open to making a conversation with a random person. Communication between others over the internet can be fun and entertaining, but also it can be taken as a way of decline in our communication skills. Jonathan Cummings, author of the article â€Å"___________________†, published by _________ in ____, insists, Communicating through the internet is not as meaningful or reliable as face to face relationships. Although communicating through a computer monitor can be quite engaging, it isn’t as meaningful as chatting with someone in person; you can’t get the fullness of the conversation because you can’t see their emotions and actions. It just isn’t as much fun as a regular, in person conversation. Jonathan Cummings, author of _______, published by ______, in ____, states, â€Å"Using the internet to build social relationships results in social interaction that is wanting, at least when it is explicitly compared to the standards of face-to-face and telephone communication, to social relationships that are primarily conducted offline, and to traditional small groups†¦the Internet is less effective than other means of forming and sustaining strong social relationships.† For instance, the internet can give you another form of communicating but it isn’t as insightful as having a conversation with someone in person. Many people are starting to enter the huge world that the internet holds, it may be very fun, but you can’t grasp the meaning of a good conversation when you are lacking one of the senses that most people include in their conversations; usually people’s actions or tone is what triggers a good, or meaningful conversation. Social networking has changed how people live, work, and communicate in a positive light by offering helpful schooling online, interesting social communication between others, and negatively by giving bullies and predators another method to victimize others. To help prevent these situations, people could not add others on social media websites that you do not know and are actually friends with. â€Å"Social networking sites have no way to verify that people are who they claim to be, leaving people vulnerable to solicitations from online predators who are able to mask their true identities.† Although it makes anyone seem like they’re super popular on Facebook when they have around 2,000 friends, they DON’T know them all. Maybe they know about 300 of them personally, but the rest are all people that they don’t even know. It’s not about having a lot of friends, it’s about having a safe life online. â€Å"Social media can be a powerful tool for social change and an alternative to more traditional methods of communication.† Works Cited Carter, Denise. â€Å"Living in Virtual Communities: Making Friends Online†. Taking Sides: Science, Technology, and Society. Eighth Edition. Thomas Easton. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. 2008. Print. 15 Sep. 2012. Dean, Michelle. â€Å"Amanda Todd: Cyber Bullied.† The New Yorker. Web. 15 Sep. 2012 Ferguson, Andrew. R U Tweeting 2 Much? Commentary 131.1 (2011): 72+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 12 Sep. 2012. Killer created fake Facebook profile to lure girl to bushland. Sydney Morning Herald [Sydney, Australia] 1 Sept. 2012: 5. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 12 Sep. 2012 â€Å"Social Networking.† SocialNetworking.ProCon.org. ProCon. 12 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Sep. 2012. Tsukayama, Hayley. Dreams of Ray Bradbury: Predictions That Came True. Washington Post 6 June 2012. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 12 Sep. 2012.

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay Widespread discontent apathy among the common populace has plagued the Indian polity since independence. This discontent has often led to unrest and resentment sometimes resulting in violence also. Since independence various statutory enactments and institutional mechanisms for addressing the aspects of deprivation and neglect have been brought into being but the irony is that discontent and unrest continue to surface inspite of the measures undertaken. Today, even after six decades of independence, for a large section of the populace, basic survival and making the two ends meet is still the biggest challenge. As 58 per cent of the Indian labour force is still engaged in agriculture and allied occupations, landlessness is an important root of poverty. The Indian State recognized the vital link between land and livelihood soon after independence and launched land reform measures which included three components: abolition of intermediaries such as zamindars, security of tenancy and a c eiling on agricultural holdings for distribution of the surplus to the landless. However, as time passed the commitment to land reform has weakened and it remains an unfinished agenda of governance.  [1]  The poor population in order to meet their livelihood had to depend upon common property resources such as forests, pastures and water sources. The government having realised such resources as sources of profit started exploiting them, thus resulting in the poor being deprived of the access they had to these resources . 2. Today the nation is boasting of an above 9 per cent growth rate and is aspiring to become an economic powerhorse. But the fact of the matter is that the inequalities between the rich and the poor is increasing. With globalisation, awareness of opportunities and possible lifestyles are spreading but the entitlements are receding. The directional shift in Government policies since the early nineties towards modernisation and mechanisation, export orientation, withdrawal of subsidies and exposure to global trade has been an important factor in hurting the poor and increasing their miseries. Equal status and equal dignity is not only a Constitutional right but also a basic human right. The inherited institutions of caste, gender, religion and unequal property have been depriving the majority of the society of this right. The continued practice of social discrimination, untouchability and atrocities against the weaker sections truly reflects the failure of the promises made to the oppr essed people of this nation by the government. 3. This has led to a situation where in a large section of the people have lost faith in the polity and institutions of this country. However the irony is that there has been no sustained effort to eliminate the causes and reduce the discontent of the masses. It is these causes of discontent among the people that has led to the meteoric rise and spread of the Naxalite movement in the country. The Naxalite armed movement which has been challenging the Indian state since more than four decades is based on Maoist ideology and gains its strength through mobilising the poor, underprivileged, discouraged and marginalised especially in the rural and underdeveloped parts of the country. The Naxalite movement are a serious threat to the Indian state and is fast threatening to engulf almost the whole nation under its influence. The dreams of the nation of becoming a regional superpower and economic giant in the near future seems to be a distant reality with Naxalism challenging the inherent id eals of the state. 4. The menace of Left Wing Extremism after making a modest start in 1967 from remote village named Naxalbari in West Bengal plagues almost 235 districts  [i]  across the country in 2011. In some of these districts, the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that the writ of the government cease to exist and can be termed as liberated zones. The Maoists run a parallel government in these areas and are located in most underdevloped parts of the country. Despite being referred to as the most serious internal security threat faced by the nation by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself in 2006, not much has translated at the grass root level to address the issue. On the contrary, the Maoists have been able to strike at targets with impunity and at will causing panic amongst the state and central security forces. 5. The Naxalites with their control over certain areas and their armed fight against the security forces, are challenging the inherent ideals of the state, namely soverignity and monopoly on use of force. In order to fight this menace, the state is focusing on re-establishing of law and order by encountering the Naxalites violently by use of force. However, this approach of the government seems to lack foresight, since the roots of Naxalism are located within the Indias numerous social and economic inequalities. Without addressing the root causes merely use of force will not help the state in solving the problem. If the country does not belong to everyone, it will belong to no one. Tupamaro Manifesto 17. The nation as a concept is universally recognized and .internationally valid for soverign aggregate of human beings in a modern state. If modern states are nation states, then the territorial integrity, political stability and the legitimacy of the state is a basic prerequisite for political and emotional integration of the citizens.  [2]  The collapse of the communist states in the early nineties point to the truth about this statement. It is the collective will of the population of the state that is the sole and most important determinant of contours of a state. India is a nation with vast cultural diversities and geographical.landscapes. The quote from Gitanjali written by noble laureate RabindraNath Tagore aptly sums up the importance of a nation wherein the true values of nationalism can take root: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; 9. Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever widening thought and action; Into that heaven of freedom my father, let my country awake. 18. The Constitution of India guarantees the protection of all states against external aggression and internal disturbance by the Union of India, however the security being a state subject is rarely given the importance it requires till the situation blows out of proportion and many a times this turns out to be too little too late for the masses which suffer due to these security problems. The nation has faced numerous internal security problems since getting independence in 1947. These have been mainly due to secessionist movements initiated by a certain section of the population, wherein the government failed to provide solutions to their long pending issues. Since independence the country has faced problems in states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, Punjab and JK. Though, as on date these states have not been posing serious existential threat to the worlds largest democracy but before coming to some serious resolution of these conflicts a new danger of Nax alism has plagued vast areas of the country. 19. The Naxal movement presently having its influence over some 231 districts in 21 states of our country has been identified as the single largest internal security threat to the nation by the prime minister.  [3]  The Naxal movement as it is known is essentially an ideological movement and not an ethnic or a religious one. It gets its sustenance from social evils such as poverty, unemployment, exploitation of the poor classes and social discrimination. It has drawn vast support of population from the tribal belt into the movement. Before we can find the ways of tackling this issue, there is a need to understand the reasons why this 10. problem has come into existence. This will not only help in finding the real cause of this problem but also the ways and means to eradicate it. 20. To understand the spread of Naxalism in the country, we will have to analyse communism and its evolution in India. The communist Party of India came into existence on 26th Dec 1925 based on the thought that communism was ideally suited for the country with such vast demographic diversity and difference between the haves have not. However, the ban on communist ideology during the British rule prohibited the rise of the party and its ideology. Two notable movements led by communists during the pre independence era needs a mention are, firstly, the Tebhaga Movement led by peasants front of CPI Kisan Sabha in 1946, with the aim to increase the share of peasants in crops from half to two-third and second being the Telangana Uprising against the brutal repression of peasants by feudal landlords during the regime of Nizam in the Telangana region.  [4]   21. The birth and rapid rise of Naxalite movement can also be traced to the development which took place around the globe during the decade of 1960. This was a period in Europe, Asia and America when new radical struggles were breaking out, marked by the reading of Marx. These trends were reflected in the national liberation struggle of the Vietnamese people; the civil rights and anti-war movements in USA; in the students agitations in Western Europe; Che Guevaras self sacrifice in the jungles of Bolivia; and in Chinas cultural revolution. The Naxalite movement was part of this contemporary, worldwide impulse among the radicals to return to the roots of revolutionary idealism.  [5]   22. The year 1967 marks a turning point in terms of the revolutionary armed struggle in India. On 24 May the persistent social and political tensions in the 11. small village Naxalbari in the Darjeeling District of the West Bengal unloaded after a landlord was attacked which led to a full-scale peasant riot. This event has its deep roots in the socio-economic conditions, namely unequal land distribution and forced labour that had persisted since the British rule. At that moment, the general perception of people in these regions remained that the level of economic development, social justice and quality of governance in the states was plagued with a variety of maladies and there was complete lack of concern of the government towards these downtrodden people of the society . 23. The Naxalites, as they are called today emerged on scene as CPI(ML) after splitting from CPI(M). Their pronounced agenda has been to capture political power through an armed and violent revolution. Within a few years of its formation, the organisational network of CPI(ML) and its propagated violence spread in the whole of West Bengal. The campaign spread to parts of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Jammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. In 1971 there was maximum violence with killing of 850 so called class enemies landlords, moneylenders, police informers, political activists  [6]  . However, joint operations launched by the state police of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa quickly curtailed the movement, leading to serious decline in capabilities and influence of the Naxalites. By mid 1970s, the belief was that the movement was dead in totality. During this phase, however, the ideological motivation was existing in top leadership and middle level activists. The supporters consisted of the political class as well as the student base of Delhi University, who were motivated by their ideology. There were large number of journals in English and vernacular languages which were published periodically during that period to increase the ideological fervour in the common populace. The leaders of the movement were provided training, financial support and guidance by active support from China. However post 1972, the arrest and subsequent death of Charu Majumdar led to the total collapse of the movement. 12. 24. After the period of emergency, the remnants of the Naxalite groups made discreet attempts to revive itself primarily, through an agrarian agitation movement, supporting their woes and highlighting the issues plaguing the poor and the downtrodden. In 1980, Peoples War Group(PWG) was formed in Andhra Pradesh under the leadership of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah with a violent agenda. The group clandestinely established underground dalams, operating apparatus in North Telangana and Dandakaranya region. Even Bihar was under revival phase with three naxal groups on the forefront.  [7]  These groups had a sizeable ground level base of revolutionary peasants taking part in violent actions. The groups operating in Bihar were Maoist Communist Centre, Unity Party and anti-Lin Piao group. This concerted effort led to revival of the movement in Andhra Pradesh, Dandakaranya and Bihar. However, these groups were affected by dissentions and splits on one side and unification processes occurring simultaneously. This process of splitting though a setback in the intial stages but however it ensured increase of mass support at ground level as each entity tried its best to gain more and more support of the population in the area, thus ensuring organizational progress. The Naxal violence continued to increase from this period and finally reached its pinnacle in 1991 for a second time when they were able to eliminate sucessfully large number of class enemies. Since then, the organized killing of selected targets has continued.  [8]  The targets of Naxal violence also included those people whose agenda differed that of the Naxalites. Since, this has been a ground level movement, the solution too lies in dealing at that level and conceptualizing strategies at higher levels are of little or of no significance. At the moment every year there are more than 1500 Naxal violence incidents from the affected states involving killing of more than 500 class enemies. There has been a soph istication in the means employed by them in detonating the landmines negating their vulnerabilities to electronic countermeasures. The daring means employed by them to attack police posts and patrols has brought out the vulnerabilities of security forces in the area and the growing might of Naxals. The Naxalites have been running a parallel government in these areas by holding jan 13. adalats wherein they resort to on the spot dispensing of justice. These are notundertaken in any covert manner but in full public view and with advance warnings of a few days. This state clearly highlights the failure of govt at the grass root level. The present strength of armed cadre stands at 8000 excluding 15000 cadres of peoples militia who carry on their routine work, but are ready to serve when the situation demands.  [9]   25. The Naxalites have a design of establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone, from Nepal running across Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. These areas will be under their total control with administration and governance of their own. Unlike the first phase of the movement, the present phase entails unification and consolidation. In 1998, Unity Party and PWG merged to form CPI(ML)(PW), thereafter, RCCI-Maoist merged with MCC MCCI came into existence. Later, PW and MCCI came together to form CPI(Maoist). This gave the org a backing on ideological front from the Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist), thus complicating the problem and making it trans-border and trans-national. The party has got international linkages through Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisation of South Asia which includes the Communist parties of Sri Lanka, Nepal Bangladesh and India. The spread of Naxalism has been phenomenal in the recent years. Starting from the peasant movement, the Nax al issue today has a large spatial spread and much better resistance capability. The initiatives undertaken by the Centre and the to contain the movement prevent violence has been a failure. It has not been able to rein in the movement and lower the violence levels. 14. CHAPTER-III SOCIO-ECONOMIC MILIEU OF NAXALISM 26. Poverty and lack of development extract terrible prices and the glaring example of this has been the rapid rise of Naxalism. Naxalite violence in India has claimed thousands of lives till date and the graph is on the upward swing with each passing year. In his address to the nation on 15August 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh termed Naxalism as a threat to Indias national security. Less than a month after this pronouncement, one of his predecessor former Prime Minister V P Singh came up with a completely different viewpoint. He saw no option but to embrace Naxalism in the present model of development, where forceful acquisition of land and displacement of thousands by the State are the order of the day. Both these statements, however, made in their respective contexts, but , both of them are revealing. They clearly indicate towards the rise of Naxalism as a movement that is giving sleepless nights to the highest echelons of governance of this nation. They clearly indicate towa rds the acceptance of the fact among our leaders of the strength and undisputed popularity of this movement. 27. Naxalism started as a peasant movement in 1967, in the tiny and remote hamlet of Naxalbari in West Bengal. The main demand was that of radical land reform and land to the tiller. The only means of realizing this was seen as the violent takeover of power. However, the govt was completely unwilling to yield to the demands, and the movement was brutally crushed. The character of Naxalism has changed with the times. Forced out of West Bengal, it has now regrouped itself outside the state. The movement is threatening to engulf whole of the nation and has got strong presence, largely in heavily forested areas dominated by tribals in the states of Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, 15. Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. 28. Today,around 42% of Indias total population, lives under the poverty line. One third of the global poor lives in India, 75% in rural areas . The increasing high numbers of farmer suicides because of indebtedness, harassment and discrimination, particularly in the Naxalite affected areas, potrays the miserable condition of large parts of Indias rural population.The lack of human development causes anger and resentments amongst the people. They feel alienated and excluded. In addition often local elites are engaged in exploiting, harassing and even torturing the tribal population  [10]  . 29. Dalits and Tribals form the major support base of Naxalism. The Dalits and tribals together amount for nearly one fourth of Indias population and most of them live in rural India . Their reasons for supporting the Naxal movement are manifold: there is low degree of employment and qualification, new forest policies posing restriction for their livelihoods, cultural humiliation, lack of access to health care, education and power, restriction on access to natural resources, numerous forms of exploitation, social discrimination, frequent displacements, political isolation and suppression. The states which are the most affected have a huge number of people facing deprivation and a high record of crimes that are committed against them as well as displacement owing to economic and development projects 30. In fact 80% of the total displaced persons within the period of 1947- 2000 were tribals. A large number of tribals remained neglected from the various governmental development projects. Attempts by the government to increase its influence in these backward areas resulted in repression of the inhabitants by the various state authorities, such as by the forest department resulting in the destruction of their traditional social bonds. The era of globalization with the liberalisation of Indian economy gave new life to the conflict. There are numerous 16. Indian and foreign companies that are operating in the mineral rich areas of Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa which are among the poorest states in India and show a high degree of Naxal affection. Several of these companies have signed memoranda of understanding with the government worth billions for exploiting the mineral resources. However, the irony is that the inhabitants of these areas generally do not benefit from the mineral wealth of their areas. Besides mining, the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and construction of huge dam projects results in the displacement of thousands of people. 31. Today, the focus of Naxalism has changed from being an agrarian movement to that of fighting for the attainment of tribal self- determination, control over local resource issues and continued neglect of governmentt towards these areas. This cause of theirs has found ready sympathisers among local communities. In tribal-dominated areas development is largely synonymous with the exploitation of forest resources for commercial gains, primarily controlled by the forest department and other govt agencies. This has almost obliterated traditional community control over forests and forest resources. The successive Government policies have made the very existence of tribals in their own areas difficult, and displaced them from their lands. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 has barred tribals from using the forest resources, thus forcing them to be termed as encroachers on the land they have inhabited for centuries. However, this tribal alienation from land is not only the outcome of the c ountrys conservation policy only but also the development projects including mining projects. The Naxal movement cleverly tapped and exploited the often justified tribal anger and frustration against this oppression of the government. 32. With Indias major mineral resources concentrated under tribal dominated forestlands, mining and related projects have naturally come into the crosshairs of the Naxals. Today, five of Indias top mineral-producing state Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are fighting the rise 17. of the red brigades in most of their mineral-rich districts.Its not development. It is an express highway to speed up exploitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What they have left for the local people is just air and water pollution, says Communist Party of India (Maoist) central committee member Kosa, while referring to the mega mining projects in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. The Naxal opposition has unnerved the mining industry in this part of the country. According to a report by the risk management consultancy, Hill and Associates based in Hong Kong the viral spread of Naxalism in India has an adverse impact on the development and has termed it as a grave operational risk affecting investment climate in the core extractive sector. The report also points that Naxalism is likely to impact foreign direct investment in the country. It further says The risk exposure would be greater in pockets where Naxalites have joined the tribals in opposing project-induced human displacement. Areas where industrialisa tion is in the initial stages of development are more prone to stiff opposition by Naxalites. Traditionally, the Naxals have been targeting the govt symbols and its institutions but with the present trend Industrial establishments are likely to bear the brunt in the future. In fact, at their ninth congress held in the beginning of 2007, Naxalites clearly expressed their intention of intensifying their operations in areas where mega development projects including special economic zones, irrigation projects and mining enterprises are coming up. 33. The Naxals have used varied tactics for opposing this industrial investment. The rise of Naxalism can be directly linked to the crisis of faith: Indias marginalised population, the poors including its tribals, have lost their trust on governmentt for their livelihoods. The development projects coming in these areas are threatening the very existence of locals and have become synonymous with poverty and insecurity. With no alternative left, these communities have started believing that the only way they can fight for their survival is by adopting the violent ways of the Naxals. The rapid rise and popularity of Naxalism is not only a crisis of political empowerment but also that of sheer economic backwardness of these areas. The irony is that the marginalized have 18. started believing that it is one of the rare opportunities still available to them to express their aspirations. 34. The government and its planners have described Naxalism, as an internal security threat and are of the opinion that Naxalism and its sympathisers must be to be stamped out decisively by use of the States police and army. On one hand the govt claims that the path of violence is not the solution of the problems of the poor. On the other hand, it strongly advocates use of force to suppress the movement and solve the problems of the govt. It is precisely this myopic vision of the govt and its planners which is the real cause of the problem. Poverty, starvation, malnutrition, unemployment, lack of access to basic necessities like health and education, forced eviction of people from their lands in the name of developmental projects do not qualify as threats to internal security for the government. However, reactions and resistance and protests against them raise the hackles and eyebrows. A prime reason for the spread of Naxalism has been the acute failure of the State to provide remote and underdeveloped areas with facilities for health and education, and the prospect for dignified employment. People in these areas have had to cope with an administration that is indifferent, corrupt, an brutal. Meanwhile, the economic development in these areas has been powered by wood, water and minerals found on these lands, and for whose profitable exploitation the locals are forced to make way involuntarily or by force. It is important to understand the fact that the forced eviction of people from their land and livelihood for projects like mining will only bring more poverty and not prosperity as our planners think. 35. Governments need to be sensitive about these issues. They must work to make people in Naxal-infested areas true partners in the development process by assuring them titles on lands cultivated by them, by allowing them the right to manage forests sustainably, and by giving them a solid stake in industrial or mining projects that come up where they live and at the cost of their homes.Thus the locals are not interested into the so-called development projects by the 19. government and even resort to attacking the employees of these companies. These processes create conducive conditions for the support of Naxals and give them ready cadres and recruits. The Naxals only need to exploit the prevailing frustration . 36. Although the nation is enjoying a steadily solid economic growth during the past two decades but the distribution of these benefits is uneven among various social groups and geographic regions. Income disparities have increased and there is huge distinction between living conditions of the people in the rural areas and the metropolis in India. But these contradictions not only exist between rural and urban areas but also within the cities. The Naxals taking advantage of the situation and have started building up popular support in the cities through infiltrating labour unions and targeting the unemployed and students as well as exploiting the socio-economic disparities. Today, big cities like Delhi, Patna and Kolkata have come up as big hubs for Maoist sympathising intellectuals.According to Ernst Bloch the development of Modernity and capitalism can create contradictions within a society. These contradictions are often a consequence of social progress that is not shared by the w hole population. Bloch calls this asymmetric development the simultaneity of the nonsimultaneous. This process can be conflict-promoting especially when the contradictions are exploited by a political force. This concept can be well applied to the Naxalite conflict. 20. CHAPTER-IV IMPACT OF NAXALISM ON THE NATION 37. The spread and influence of Naxalism has almost captured half of Indian territory. The speed with which this menace is spreading its tentacles, the day is not far when the whole of the nation will be under its firm grip. Today, the violence related to Naxalism is a real cause of concern which is degenerating the security fabric of the country. The under mentioned paragraphs highlight the direct and indirect effects of the menace on the nation. Security Implications 38. Shift from ideology. The facts clearly indicate the rising menace of Naxalism and bring to fore that Naxalism in its present form fail to tow their novel ideology conceptualized in the native years, ie, working with a determined and undivided aim of establishing social equality. In fact Left Wing extremists are transforming the movement from menace to serious threat.  [11]   39. Increasing Influence. The viral spread of Naxalism is a growing concern. The Naxal threat seems to have surpassed all other insurgencies in the nation at least from the geographical point of view. Today the Naxalites are dreaming of establishing a red corridor and are putting all their energies towards fulfillment of their goals in this concern. Going with the present pattern they might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the nation. 21. 40. Virtual Control. The situation today is such that If partial the Naxalites ever plan to launch coordinated, simultaneous attacks, they would not only be able to drive a wedge through the vital areas of the country but will also give them complete control over huge deposits of minerals, oils and industrialised territory and put them at a position from where they can bargain on their terms.   Gen Shankar Roy Chowdhury former Army Chief had this to say The Naxalite movement is the main threat which is affecting the states today. It is more dangerous than the situation in Jammu and Kashmir or the situation in the North-East.

Dream of a Lost Friend Essay

How does Duffy powerfully portray the experience of losing a friend in ‘Dream of a Lost Friend’? In this poem, Duffy explores how the tragic loss of a close friend affects the mourner, and powerfully portrays the implications of their death using imagery, structure and emotive language. She touches upon each of the 5 stages of grief and bereavement, and conveys the psychological process of each of these: Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Acceptance. Denial is the first stage of grief, in which the mourner refuses to believe that their loss is a reality. Duffy is effective in portraying how this makes the experience of losing a friend so powerful, as she shows Firstly, the title suggests that Duffy refuses to accept her friend’s death, as she refers to her as ‘lost’, suggesting that like the word lost connotes, the deceased may have a chance of being found again. Duffy constantly refers to oxymorons and opposites through the poem such as ‘prayers to Chemistry.’ This suggests again a hysteric confusion over her death, which clash, and reveals her contrasting thoughts which could reflect her trying to accept this death whilst still denying it. Duffy also searches for ‘found’, the opposite to the lost in the title, but she never mentions it, as if no amount of other opposites will help her find the opposite of this death. Duffy also conveys the notion of denial through the sentence, ‘it’s only a dream†¦only a bad dream.’ This repetition of the motif of dreaming shows an obsession with the idea of this death being part of a dream. Dreams have connotations of peace and happiness, as if she is convincing herself that her friend is experiencing some escapism from the pain of her disease, as Duffy wants to believe that this is for the best. As dreams are from the lexicon of sleep, it is as if she wants to prove that she will wake up. That this is just a brief period of detachment from the world before she comes back, ascertaining the truth that denial is a major part of bereavement. The repetition of ‘it’s only a dream’ becomes like a mantra, which is a technique used to ‘create transformation’, as Duffy tries convince herself. A mantra is also reminiscent of childhood, like a playground rhyme. This proves that these emotions stir up a sense of being lost, and returning to a time of innocence and comfort, when accepting becomes too difficult, the mourner morphs into their childhood self. This sense of being lost could also refer to the poem title, as it could be  applicable to the mourner as well, as they are too a ‘lost friend.’ This idea of being one and the same as the deceased suggests that still consider themselves as equal, living entities, and that death does not separate them. Duffy also explains the process of denial through the chosen structure for the poem juxtaposing the journey of grief. With grief, you start with a strong sense of denial and conclude the worst of the immediate mourning with acceptance of their death. However, this poem starts with the personal pronoun of ‘you’ and travels through each other party/person before reaching ‘you’ once more. Duffy starts the first stanza with ‘You’, the second with ‘We’, the next with the idea of ‘Them’, then ‘I’ and finally ‘You.’ This proves that through Duffy’s structure, she shows the powerful experience of grief, and shows that she always puts her friend first, then their time together. Her bitter memories of those who don’t understand are soon swept away by the thought of herself and how important her friend was to her, concluding with ‘You.’ This could be interpreted to show that Duffy is stating that she never really completed the journey of bereavement, but is instead stuck in a cyclical roundabout that always comes back to the thought of her friend. This shows how she mentally is determined to bring her back, but the fact that this journey is incessantly recurring proves that this will never happen. The next stage of bereavement is Anger. Carol Ann Duffy expresses her anger in the third stanza and emphatically emphasises the powerful effect this has as one repercussion of losing a friend. She shows how death can make you turn against those closest to you. She almost implies ‘Some of our best friends nurture a virus, an idle, charmed, purposeful enemy, and it dreams they are dead already.’ This suggests that Duffy makes dichotomy between herself and her friend against the outside world, including their other friends. The word ‘our’ is placed first, as if to re-connect the bond between Duffy and the deceased, and so Duffy joins forces with the deceased against the world, as if they are to blame. Then the second half of the sentence starts with ‘they’, as if ‘they’ should always come second, and are to blame. The use of these pronouns separates them into two groups, and implies that Duffy is angry at the rest of the world for taking away her friend.

Pros and Cons of Television

For most people, watching television is an enjoyable way to spend time. It is an undemanding activity that passes the time and there are very few families that don’t own at least one television. Since so many people now own a television, there has been a proliferation in the number of channels available and shows to watch, so that you can quite easily find yourself spending hours in front of the television.Consequently, you may neglect other activities that need doing. Thus, although television may help to ease boredom, there are also some negative aspects associated with watching television.Breaking news shown live on your TVGlobal news network allows the latest global events to be aired worldwide and beamed directly to your living room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) include September 11th attack, 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia, 2008 H1N1 outbreak and 2011 earthquake in Japan.Pros of watching televisionThe positive aspects of watching television include that you have somethi ng to talk to friends and relatives about. There are certain programs which are more popular than others and if you watch them you feel included and that you have something in common with the people around you. Television can help to foster a sense of national identity, since a significant proportion of the population will be exposed to the same kinds of news programs and television shows, so that people feel that they belong to a wider community. Plus, television can also be informative and educational, opening people’s eyes up to the world outside.Educational TV programsEducational TV programs provide priceless information that not only educate but also opens up your mind. Most of these programs teach and educate people on subjects that you may otherwise will not know and are never taught in schools.Cons of watching televisionNon-educational TV programsHowever, there are also a lot of television shows that are not very educational, and could even be considered trash. Realit y shows, for instance, offer nothing of any worth to the audience, yet people still tune in. People get hooked on shows which are poorly produced and concentrate mostly on issues of sex and violence. Although there is no conclusive evidence that watching violence on television makes children more violent, when there is so much violence on television, it makes sense that people would become desensitized to it, and that this could make it easier for children to engage in violent activities.Watching too much TV can lead to weight gain, poor social skills and lower academic results Unsupervised children spending too much of their time in front of a TV can have a big impact on their life. Obesity, lack of social skills and poor academic results are just some of the effects TV have on children. Some psychologist believe that too much TV time can have a major effect in the psychology of the child. Children are suppose to interact and play, not sit and watch.Poor parenting and weight gainIt is also evident that many people spend too much time watching television, so that parents don’t bother to spend any time playing or talking with their children. It is far easier to stick them in front of the television, rather than taking them to the park. It can’t be a coincidence that so many people are now overweight when they spend much more time watching television than they would have done years ago. People used to be a lot more active, but now television is the most convenient way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they burn hardly any calories while most probably consuming an excessive amount of calories.It’s addictiveEven though there are many negative aspects associated with watching television, many people enjoy television far too much to reduce the amount  they watch or to avoid watching television altogether. People enjoy not having to think for themselves and to be able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Tang Dynasty1 essays

Tang Dynasty1 essays The fall of the Sui in the early 17th century led to a new power, one that revolutionized the social and empirical structure. At its height, the Tang Empire stretched from what is now Manchuria in the northeast into what is now Vietnam in the southwest. Building on the reunification of northern China and the southern China by the Sui dynasty. The Tang Empire established a strong, centralized state system, which brought together the aristocratic clans of all regions, finally ended four centuries of division between northern and southern China. The Tang dynasty was a time of great prosperity, many religions such Buddhism, and Daoism (Taoism), and the literature, scholarship, and arts of the Confucian flourished. The Tangs capital took place in Changan, which became one of the richest and most populous cities in the world, with two million people living there. The Tang dynasty was the time of great inventions, great poets, technologies, which not only influenced China itself in th e future, but Asia as a whole. Although Li Yuan founded this incredibly long-lived powerful dynasty, ruled as Emperor as Gaozu, but the real powers were in the hands of his son, Li Shih-min. Who later came to power, and assumed the title Tai-tsung. He was an energetic emperor and was determined to solve the internal problems that had destroyed past dynasties. He recreated the Chinese government. At the top of the hierarchy was the emperor; below his were three administrations; Council of the state, Military Affairs, and the Censorate. The most import of these three administrations was the council of the state, which drafted policy, reviewed policy, and implemented policy. The military affairs directed the military under the control of the emperor. The censorate watched over the government and government officials to prevent misgoverning, and corruption. This System that Tai-tsung had brilliantly came up with, led to the res...

Therdbo Landslide essays

Therdbo Landslide essays It was 11.40pm, on the 30th July 1997, 4 years ago, that it all came tumbling down. Most awoke thinking it was a fighter jet or a small explosion. They went outside to see what was happening and instead of a fighter jet, it was a 100 tonne landslide coming towards two of the lodges. Down a 40-degree slope and into the 4 story Carinya lodge pushing it 100 metres downhill into the Bimbadeen lodge. This slide had 19 people trapped and killed 18 of those 19, there was one survivor, Stuart Diver, a 21 year old ski instructor. It is believed that his fitness helped him survive the ordeal. He survived 65 hours trapped under 2 metres of cement slabs from the lodges. A map of Thredbo Village from 1965 clearly showed there had already been a serious landslide in that area. Ms McColl, QC, assisting the coroner, said there had been 4 serious landslides over 20 years. She also said that the land around the lodges would remain stable only if kept dry and yet a water pipe line was built with no apparent permission. It is said that the landslide consisted of one of the lodges being built on unstable ground, as was the main road, Alpine Way. But the most likely, a leaky water pipe had triggered the slide. Reports by Thredbo Rangers and engineers had already warned the unstability of the land, while special geological devices had detected movement months before the slide had occurred. In 1984 a company called Kosciusko Thredbo Pty. Ltd. began digging a trench along Alpine Way with the intention of installing a water pipe. The Carinya lodge constructed on 1964 had been built without planning approval and in spite of warnings that the site was unsafe. The major consequence of the landslide is the fact that 18 people died. Stuart Diver has to live the rest of his life knowing that he was the only survivor of the tragic slide and that his wife and friends were killed in the slide that he survived. One of ...

The impact of e-business on an organisation Dissertation

The impact of e-business on an organisation - Dissertation Example Organizations all over the world have taken the help of various methods to facilitate the operations and expansion of their business. With the development of Information and Communication Technology, firms have chosen to conduct a large part of their business activities through e-commerce. This has generated a new area of interest among financial researchers. Analysts have been curious to know the impact of the introduction of e-commerce on an organization. They have also been interested in comparing the firms’ business functioning in the earlier days with that in the new technological era. The introduction of e-commerce in corporations has brought about significant changes in their operations. The new technologies have enabled firms to undertake a larger volume of business with the help of the same resources.Service organizations are now able to reach out to a wider range of customers. The new ICT methods have facilitated a more efficient functioning of the overall activities of firms. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the impact of e-commerce on an organization. Therefore, this paper has chosen to undertake a research on this subject. The Indian banking sector has been currently been witnessing an ICT revolution. Most of the banks have adopted new technological methods to improve the efficiency of their existing operations and also to expand their business among a larger spectrum of the population. Recently the HDFC Bank has implemented a multichannel integration program across its business operations.... or choosing the project topic area Organizations all over the world have taken the help of various methods to facilitate the operations and expansion of their business. With the development of Information and Communication Technology, firms have chosen to conduct a large part of their business activities through e-commerce. This has generated a new area of interest among financial researchers. Analysts have been curious to know the impact of the introduction of e-commerce on an organization. They have also been interested in comparing the firms’ business functioning in the earlier days with that in the new technological era. These issues have urged analysts to undertake relevant research in this domain. The introduction of e-commerce in corporations has brought about significant changes in their operations. The new technologies have enabled firms to undertake a larger volume of business with the help of the same resources. Service organizations are now able to reach out to a w ider range of customers. The new ICT methods have facilitated a more efficient functioning of the overall activities of firms. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the impact of e-commerce on an organization. Therefore, this paper has chosen to undertake a research on this subject. Reasons for choosing the particular organization-HDFC INDIA The Indian banking sector has been currently been witnessing an ICT revolution. Most of the banks have adopted new technological methods to improve the efficiency of their existing operations and also to expand their business among a larger spectrum of the population. Recently the HDFC Bank has implemented a multichannel integration program across its business operations. Under this project, the bank has integrated its branches, the ATMs, the POS, the